References for Benefits of Natural Marine Extract™ Marine Species

Sea Cucumber

Holothuria cinerascens (ashy sea cucumber),  Holothuria mexicana (donkey dung sea cucumber),  Holothuria scabra (sandfish, a sea cucumber), Stichopus chloronotus (greenfish sea cucumber)

Compounds:

Types of collagen with high moisture retention and absorption, as Vitamin A, Vitamin B1 (thiamine), Vitamin B2 (riboflavin), Vitamin B3 (niacin), and minerals, especially calcium, magnesium, iron and zinc. a wide array of bioactives especially triterpene glycosides (saponins), chondroitin sulfates, glycosaminoglycan (GAGs), sulfated polysaccharides, sterols (glycosides and sulfates), phenolics, cerebrosides, lectins, peptides, glycoprotein, glycosphingolipids and essential fatty acids.

Noted health benefits:

wound healing, immunomodulatory Several unique biological and pharmacological activities namely anti-angiogenic [24], anticancer [25], anticoagulant [26,27], anti-hypertension [28], anti-inflammatory [29–31], antimicrobial [32,33], antioxidant [34], antithrombotic [35,36], antitumor [37,38]. Relief of joint pain, tendonitis, and sprains, against hypertension, asthma, rheumatism, cuts and burns, impotence and constipation [18–23]

References

Lalzawmliana, V., Mukherjee, P., Roy, S., Nandi, S.K. (2023). Current Marine-Derived Materials for Tissue Regeneration Applications. Maia, F.R.A., Oliveira, J.M., Reis, R.L. (eds) Handbook of the Extracellular Matrix. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-92090-6_52-1

Yang H, Zhang Q, Zhang B, Zhao Y, Wang N. Potential Active Marine Peptides as Anti-Aging Drugs or Drug Candidates. Mar Drugs. 2023 Feb 23;21(3):144. doi: 10.3390/md21030144. 36976193; PMC10053682.

Zhihong Zheng, Mengqi Li, Pengfei Jiang, Na Sun, Songyi Lin, Peptides derived from sea cucumber accelerate cells proliferation and migration for wound healing by promoting energy metabolism and upregulating the
ERK/AKT pathway, European Journal of Pharmacology, Volume 921, 2022, 174885, ISSN 0014-2999, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.174885.

Sofrona E, Tziveleka LA, Harizani M, Koroli P, Sfiniadakis I, Roussis V, Rallis M, Ioannou E. In Vivo Evaluation of the Wound Healing Activity of Extracts and Bioactive Constituents of the Marine Isopod Ceratothoa
oestroides. Mar Drugs. 2020 Apr 18;18(4):219. doi: 10.3390/md18040219. PMID: 32325719; PMCID: PMC7230750.

Andryukov BG, Besednova NN, Kuznetsova TA, Zaporozhets TS, Ermakova SP, Zvyagintseva TN, Chingizova EA, Gazha AK, Smolina TP. Sulfated Polysaccharides from Marine Algae as a Basis of Modern
Biotechnologies for Creating Wound Dressings: Current Achievements and Future Prospects. Biomedicines. 2020 Aug 22;8(9):301. doi:10.3390/biomedicines8090301. PMID: 32842682; PMC7554790.

Liang Qi, Ahmed Faruq, Zhang Miansong, Sperou Niki, Franco Christopher M. M., Feng Qianjin, Zhang Wei. In Vivo and Clinical Studies of Sea Cucumber-Derived Bioactives for Human Health and Nutrition From 2012-
2021, Frontiers in Marine Science Volume 9 – 2022 https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2022.917857 DOI=10.3389/fmars.2022.917857 ISSN=2296-7745

Park JI, Bae HR, Kim CG, Stonik VA, Kwak JY. Relationships between chemical structures and functions of triterpene glycosides isolated from sea cucumbers. Front Chem. 2014 Sep 9;2:77. doi:0.3389/fchem.2014.00077. PMID: 25250309; PMC4159031.

Li, Po-Hsien, et al. "Extraction and Characterization of Collagen From Sea Cucumber (holothuria Cinerascens) and Its Potential Application In Moisturizing Cosmetics." Aquaculture, v. 515, doi: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2019.734590

Sohair R Fahmy* Department of Zoology, Egypt, Published: January 16, 2019

Bordbar S, Anwar F, Saari N. High-value components and bioactives from sea cucumbers for functional foods--a review. Mar Drugs. 2011;9(10):1761-1805. doi:10.3390/md9101761

Salarzadeh A, Afkhami M, Bastami K, Ehsanpour M, Khazaali A, and Mokhleci A, Proximate Composition of Two Sea Cucumber Species Holothuria pavra and Holothuria arenicola in Persian Gulf. Annals of Biological Research, 2012, 3 (3):1305-1311 (http://scholarsresearchlibrary.com/archive.html)

Attoub S, Arafat K, Gélaude A, et al. Frondoside a suppressive effects on lung cancer survival, tumor growth, angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis. PLoS One. 2013;8(1):e53087. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0053087

Aminin DL, Agafonova IG, Kalinin VI, et al. Immunomodulatory properties of frondoside A, a major triterpene glycoside from the North Atlantic commercially harvested sea cucumber Cucumaria frondosa. J Med Food. 2008;11(3):443-453. doi:10.1089/jmf.2007.0530

Jin JO, Shastina VV, Shin SW, et al. Differential effects of triterpene glycosides, frondoside A and cucumarioside A2-2 isolated from sea cucumbers on caspase activation and apoptosis of human leukemia cells. FEBS Lett. 2009;583(4):697-702. doi:10.1016/j.febslet.2009.01.010

Li YX, Himaya SW, Kim SK. Triterpenoids of marine origin as anti-cancer agents. Molecules. 2013;18(7):7886-7909. Published 2013 Jul 4. doi:10.3390/molecules18077886

Pink Scallop

Chlamys rubida (Pacific pink scallop)

Noted Health Benefits:

Regulates collagen metabolism in skin fibroblasts

References

Liu, Y.C., Torita, A. & Hasegawa, Y. Scallop shell extract promotes recovery from UV-B-induced damage in rat skin epidermal layer. Fish Sci 72, 388–392 (2006). doi:10.1111/j.1444-2906.2006.01161.x

Torita, A, Liu, Y.C & Hasegawa, Y. Photoprotective activity of scallop shell water‐extract in keratinocyte cells, Fish Sci 70, 910-915 (2004) doi:10.1111/j.1444-2906.2004.00886.x

Liu, Y.C., Uchiyama K, Natsui N & Hasegawa, Y. In vitro activities of the components from scallop shells. Fish Sci 68, 1330-1336. doi:10.1046/j.1444-2906.2002.00572.x

Lalzawmliana, V., Mukherjee, P., Roy, S., Nandi, S.K. (2023). Current Marine-Derived Materials for Tissue Regeneration Applications. Maia, F.R.A., Oliveira, J.M., Reis, R.L. (eds) Handbook of the Extracellular Matrix. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-92090-6_52-1

Andryukov BG, Besednova NN, Kuznetsova TA, Zaporozhets TS, Ermakova SP, Zvyagintseva TN, Chingizova EA, Gazha AK, Smolina TP. Sulfated Polysaccharides from Marine Algae as a Basis of Modern
Biotechnologies for Creating Wound Dressings: Current Achievements and Future Prospects. Biomedicines. 2020 Aug 22;8(9):301. doi:10.3390/biomedicines8090301. PMID: 32842682; PMC7554790.

Abalone

Haliotis fulgens (green abalone), Haliotus rufescens (red abalone)

Noted Health Benefits:

anti-oxidant, anti-thrombotic, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, and anti-cancer

References

Li Y-X, Himaya SWA, Kim S-K. Triterpenoids of Marine Origin as Anti-
Cancer Agents. Molecules. 2013; 18(7):7886 7909. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules18077886

Lalzawmliana, V., Mukherjee, P., Roy, S., Nandi, S.K. (2023). Current Marine-Derived Materials for Tissue Regeneration Applications. Maia, F.R.A., Oliveira, J.M., Reis, R.L. (eds) Handbook of the Extracellular Matrix. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-92090-6_52-1

Yang H, Zhang Q, Zhang B, Zhao Y, Wang N. Potential Active Marine Peptides as Anti-Aging Drugs or Drug Candidates. Mar Drugs. 2023 Feb 23;21(3):144. doi: 10.3390/md21030144. 36976193; PMC10053682.

Andryukov BG, Besednova NN, Kuznetsova TA, Zaporozhets TS, Ermakova SP, Zvyagintseva TN, Chingizova EA, Gazha AK, Smolina TP. Sulfated Polysaccharides from Marine Algae as a Basis of Modern
Biotechnologies for Creating Wound Dressings: Current Achievements and
Future Prospects. Biomedicines. 2020 Aug 22;8(9):301. doi:10.3390/biomedicines8090301. PMID: 32842682; PMC7554790.

Lin S-K. Marine Nutraceuticals: Prospects and Perspectives. By Se-Kwon Kim, CRC Press, 2013; 464 Pages, ISBN 978-1-4665-1351-8. Marine Drugs. 2013; 11(4):1300-1303.

Lee CG, Kwon HK, Ryu JH, et al. Abalone visceral extract inhibit tumor growth and metastasis by modulating Cox-2 levels and CD8+ T cell activity. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2010;10:60. doi:10.1186/1472-6882-10-60

Suleria HA, Masci PP, Gobe GC, Osborne SA. Therapeutic potential of abalone and status of bioactive molecules: A comprehensive review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2017;57(8):1742-1748. doi:10.1080/10408398.2015.1031726

Thaweekitphathanaphakdee S, Chanvorachote P, Prateepchinda S, Khongkow M, Sucontphunt A. Abalone Collagen Extracts Potentiate Stem Cell Properties of Human Epidermal Keratinocytes. Mar Drugs. 2019;17(7):424. Published 2019 Jul 20. doi:10.3390/md17070424

Sea Urchins

Strongylocentrotus franciscanus (giant red sea urchin), Stronylocentrotus purpuratus (purple urchin)

Compounds:

Sulfated glycans

Noted Health Benefits:

Anticoagulant and antithrombotic

References

Sofrona E, Tziveleka LA, Harizani M, Koroli P, Sfiniadakis I, Roussis V, Rallis M, Ioannou E. In Vivo Evaluation of the Wound Healing Activity of Extracts and Bioactive Constituents of the Marine Isopod Ceratothoa
oestroides. Mar Drugs. 2020 Apr 18;18(4):219. doi: 10.3390/md18040219. PMID: 32325719; PMCID: PMC7230750.

Yang H, Zhang Q, Zhang B, Zhao Y, Wang N. Potential Active Marine Peptides as Anti-Aging Drugs or Drug Candidates. Mar Drugs. 2023 Feb 23;21(3):144. doi: 10.3390/md21030144. 36976193; PMC10053682.

Lalzawmliana, V., Mukherjee, P., Roy, S., Nandi, S.K. (2023). Current Marine-Derived Materials for Tissue Regeneration Applications. Maia, F.R.A., Oliveira, J.M., Reis, R.L. (eds) Handbook of the Extracellular Matrix. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-92090-6_52-1

Vasconcelos AA, Sucupira ID, Guedes AL, et al. Anticoagulant and Antithrombotic Properties of Three Structurally Correlated Sea Urchin Sulfated Glycans and Their Low-Molecular-Weight Derivatives. Mar Drugs. 2018;16(9):304. Published 2018 Aug 30. doi:10.3390/md16090304

Edible Algae

Spirulina pacifica (Hawaiian spirulina), Arthrospira platensis (spirulina),

Compounds: antioxidants beta carotene, zeaxanthin, echinenone, myxoxanthophyll and beta cryptoxanthin; enzymes, vitamins, and minerals, iron, essential and non-essential amino acids. gamma linolenic acid

Noted Health Benefits:

Strengthens the immune system, supports cardiovascular health, and boosts energy levels; anti-cancer, anti-aging, lowers cholesterol, 60% protein and is an excellent source of vitamins A, K1, K2, B12, and iron.

References

Andryukov BG, Besednova NN, Kuznetsova TA, Zaporozhets TS, Ermakova SP, Zvyagintseva TN, Chingizova EA, Gazha AK, Smolina TP. Sulfated Polysaccharides from Marine Algae as a Basis of Modern
Biotechnologies for Creating Wound Dressings: Current Achievements and Future Prospects. Biomedicines. 2020 Aug 22;8(9):301. doi:10.3390/biomedicines8090301. PMID: 32842682; PMC7554790.

Lalzawmliana, V., Mukherjee, P., Roy, S., Nandi, S.K. (2023). Current Marine-Derived Materials for Tissue Regeneration Applications. Maia, F.R.A., Oliveira, J.M., Reis, R.L. (eds) Handbook of the Extracellular Matrix. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-92090-6_52-1

Li Y-X, Himaya SWA, Kim S-K. Triterpenoids of Marine Origin as Anti-
Cancer Agents. Molecules. 2013; 18(7):7886 7909. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules18077886

Miranda M, Cintra, Barros and Mancini-Filho J Antioxidant activity of the microalga Spirulina maxima Braz J Med Biol Res, August 1998, Volume 31(8) 1075-1079 doi:10.1590/S0100-879X1998000800007

Shih CK, Chang JH, Yang SH, Chou TW, Cheng HH. beta-Carotene and canthaxanthin alter the pro-oxidation and antioxidation balance in rats fed a high-cholesterol and high-fat diet. Br J Nutr. 2008;99(1):59-66. doi:10.1017/S0007114507781497

Harris NM, Crook TJ, Dyer JP, et al. Intravesical meglumine gamma-linolenic acid in superficial bladder cancer: an efficacy study. Eur Urol. 2002;42(1):39-42. doi:10.1016/s0302-2838(02)00208-7

Blue Green Algae

Microcystis aeruginosa

Noted Health Benefits:

Anti-oxidant, anti- cancer

References

Haq SH, Al-Ruwaished G, Al-Mutlaq MA, et al. Antioxidant, Anticancer Activity and Phytochemical Analysis of Green Algae, Chaetomorpha Collected from the Arabian Gulf. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):18906. Published 2019 Dec 11. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-55309-1